CMU 15-112: Fundamentals of Programming and Computer Science
Class Notes: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Part 2
Writing Classes and Methods

1. Writing Classes
2. Writing Constructors
3. Writing Methods
4. Advantages of Classes and Methods
5. Example: Animations with OOP

1. Writing Classes
   # Create our own class: class Dog(object): # a class must have a body, even if it does nothing, so we will # use 'pass' for now... pass # Create instances of our class: d1 = Dog() d2 = Dog() # Verify the type of these instances: print(type(d1)) # Dog (actually, class '__main__.Dog') print(isinstance(d2, Dog)) # True # Set and get properties (aka 'fields' or 'attributes') of these instances: d1.name = 'Dot' d1.age = 4 d2.name = 'Elf' d2.age = 3 print(d1.name, d1.age) # Dot 4 print(d2.name, d2.age) # Elf 3


2. Writing Constructors
   • Constructors let us pre-load our new instances with properties.
   • This lets us write code like so:

     d1 = Dog('fred', 4) # now d1 is a Dog instance with name 'fred' and age 4
     

   • We would like to write our constructor like this:

     def constructor(dog, name, age):
         # pre-load the dog instance with the given name and age:
         dog.name = name
         dog.age = age
     

   • Unfortunately, Python does not use 'constructor' as the constructor name. Instead, it uses '__init__' (sorry about that), like so:

     def __init__(dog, name, age):
         # pre-load the dog instance with the given name and age:
         dog.name = name
         dog.age = age
     

   • Also, unfortunately, while we could name the instance 'dog' like we did, standard convention requires that we name it 'self' (sorry again), like so:

     def __init__(self, name, age):
         # pre-load the dog instance with the given name and age:
         self.name = name
         self.age = age
     

   • Finally, we place this method inside the class and we have a constructor that we can use, like so:
     class Dog(object): def __init__(self, name, age): # pre-load the dog instance with the given name and age: self.name = name self.age = age # Create instances of our class, using our new constructor d1 = Dog('Dot', 4) d2 = Dog('Elf', 3) print(d1.name, d1.age) # Dot 4 print(d2.name, d2.age) # Elf 3


3. Writing Methods
   • Start with a function:
     class Dog(object): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age # Here is a function we will turn into a method: def sayHi(dog): print(f'Hi, my name is {dog.name} and I am {dog.age} years old!') d1 = Dog('Dot', 4) d2 = Dog('Elf', 3) sayHi(d1) # Hi, my name is Dot and I am 4 years old! sayHi(d2) # Hi, my name is Elf and I am 3 years old!
   
   
   • Turn the function into a method, and the function call into a method call, like this:
     class Dog(object): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age # Now it is a method (simply by indenting it inside the class!) def sayHi(dog): print(f'Hi, my name is {dog.name} and I am {dog.age} years old!') d1 = Dog('Dot', 4) d2 = Dog('Elf', 3) # Notice how we change the function calls into method calls: d1.sayHi() # Hi, my name is Dot and I am 4 years old! d2.sayHi() # Hi, my name is Elf and I am 3 years old!
   
   
   • Finally, use self, as convention requires:
     class Dog(object): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age # Now we are using self, as convention requires: def sayHi(self): print(f'Hi, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old!') d1 = Dog('Dot', 4) d2 = Dog('Elf', 3) # Notice how we change the function calls into method calls: d1.sayHi() # Hi, my name is Dot and I am 4 years old! d2.sayHi() # Hi, my name is Elf and I am 3 years old!
   
   
   • Methods can take additional parameters, like so:
     class Dog(object): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age # This method takes a second parameter -- times def bark(self, times): print(f'{self.name} says: {"woof!" * times}') d = Dog('Dot', 4) d.bark(1) # Dot says: woof! d.bark(4) # Dot says: woof!woof!woof!woof!
   
   
   • Methods can also set properties, like so:
     class Dog(object): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age self.woofCount = 0 # we initialize the property in the constructor! def bark(self, times): # Then we can set and get the property in this method self.woofCount += times print(f'{self.name} says: {"woof!" * times} ({self.woofCount} woofs!)') d = Dog('Dot', 4) d.bark(1) # Dot says: woof! d.bark(4) # Dot says: woof!woof!woof!woof!


4. Advantages of Classes and Methods
   • Encapsulation
     • Organizes code
       A class includes the data and methods for that class.
     • Promotes intuitive design
       Well-designed classes should be intuitive, so the data and methods in the class match commonsense expectations.
     • Restricts access
       • len is a function, so we can call len(True) (which crashes)
       • upper is a method on strings but not booleans, so we cannot even call True.upper()
   • Polymorphism
     Polymorphism: the same method name can run different code based on type, like so:
     class Dog(object): def speak(self): print('woof!') class Cat(object): def speak(self): print('meow!') for animal in [ Dog(), Cat() ]: animal.speak() # same method name, but one woofs and one meows!


5. Example: Animations with OOP
   Here is an updated version of the adding-and-deleting dots demo from here. This version adds methods to the Dot class so each dot is responsible for its own drawing and mouse handling.
   from cmu_112_graphics import * import random class Dot: def __init__(self, cx, cy, r, counter, color): self.cx = cx self.cy = cy self.r = r self.counter = counter self.color = color def redraw(self, app, canvas): # Only redraw this dot canvas.create_oval(self.cx-self.r, self.cy-self.r, self.cx+self.r, self.cy+self.r, fill='white', outline=self.color, width=15) canvas.create_text(self.cx, self.cy, text=str(self.counter)) def containsPoint(self, x, y): return (((self.cx - x)**2 + (self.cy - y)**2)**0.5 <= self.r) def mousePressed(self, event): # We are guaranteed (event.x, event.y) is in this dot self.counter += 1 self.color = getRandomColor() def timerFired(self, app): self.counter += 1 def appStarted(app): app.dots = [ ] app.timerDelay = 1000 # once per second def getRandomColor(): colors = ['red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'blue', 'pink', 'lightGreen', 'gold', 'magenta', 'maroon', 'salmon', 'cyan', 'brown', 'orchid', 'purple'] return random.choice(colors) def mousePressed(app, event): # go through dots in reverse order so that # we find the topmost dot that intersects for dot in reversed(app.dots): if dot.containsPoint(event.x, event.y): dot.mousePressed(event) return # mouse click was not in any dot, so create a new dot newDot = Dot(cx=event.x, cy=event.y, r=20, counter=0, color='cyan') app.dots.append(newDot) def keyPressed(app, event): if (event.key == 'd'): if (len(app.dots) > 0): app.dots.pop(0) else: print('No more dots to delete!') def timerFired(app): for dot in app.dots: dot.timerFired(app) def redrawAll(app, canvas): for dot in app.dots: dot.redraw(app, canvas) # draw the text canvas.create_text(app.width/2, 20, text='Example: Adding and Deleting Shapes') canvas.create_text(app.width/2, 40, text='Mouse clicks outside dots create new dots') canvas.create_text(app.width/2, 60, text='Mouse clicks inside dots increase their counter') canvas.create_text(app.width/2, 70, text='and randomize their color.') canvas.create_text(app.width/2, 90, text='Pressing "d" deletes circles') runApp(width=400, height=400)