Computer Science 15-110, Spring 2010
Class Notes:  Loops (An Introduction)

1. The "for" statement
   1. Print the numbers from 1 to 5
   2. Print the numbers from 1 to n
   3. Print the sum of the numbers from 1 to n
   4. Print the sum of the odd numbers from 1 to n
      1. Using "if"
      2. Using a different increment
   5. Print the letters in a String
   6. Print the letters in a String in reverse
2. Example:  isPrime
3. The "while" statement
   1. Division by Subtraction
   2. Another "while" Example
4. Example:  nthPrime
5. Sample code:  isPrime and nthPrime
6. Nested Loops
7. Nested Loops in Graphics

Loops

1. The "for" statement
    
   1. Print the numbers from 1 to 5

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          int counter;
          for (counter=1; counter<=5; counter++) {
            System.out.println(counter);
          }
        }
      }

   2. Print the numbers from 1 to n

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          int counter;
          int n = 10;
          for (counter=1; counter<=n; counter++) {
            System.out.println(counter);
          }
        }
      }

   3. Print the sum of the numbers from 1 to n

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          int counter;
          int n = 10;
          int sum = 0;
          for (counter=1; counter<=n; counter++) {
            sum = sum + counter;
          }
          System.out.println(sum);
        }
      }

   4. Print the sum of the odd numbers from 1 to n
       
      1. Using "if"

         class MyCode {
           public static void main(String[] args) {
             int counter;
             int n = 10;
             int sum = 0;
             for (counter=1; counter<=n; counter++) {
               if (counter % 2 != 0)
                 sum = sum + counter;
             }
             System.out.println(sum);
           }
         }

      2. Using a different increment

         class MyCode {
           public static void main(String[] args) {
             int counter;
             int n = 10;
             int sum = 0;
             for (counter=1; counter<=n; counter+=2) {
               sum = sum + counter;
             }
             System.out.println(sum);
           }
         }

   5. Print the letters in a String

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          int i;  // i for index, rather than counter
          String s = "Carpe diem";
          for (i=0; i<s.length(); i++) {
            char c = s.charAt(i);
            System.out.println(c);
          }
        }
      }

   6. Print the letters in a String in reverse

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          int i;
          String s = "Carpe diem";
          for (i=s.length()-1; i>=0; i--) {
            char c = s.charAt(i);
            System.out.println(c);
          }
        }
      }

2. Example:  isPrime
   (See code below)
    
3. The "while" statement
    
   1. Division by Subtraction

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          int x = 35;
          int y = 5;
          int quotient = 0;
          while (x >= y) {
            x -= y;
            quotient++;
          }
          System.out.println(quotient);
        }
      }

   2. Another "while" Example

      class MyCode {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
          String s1 = "hi";
          String s2 = "bonjour";
          while (s1.length() < s2.length()) {
            s1 = s1 + "hi";
          }
          System.out.println(s1);
          System.out.println(s2);
        }
      }

4. Example:  nthPrime
   (See code below)
    
5. Sample code:  isPrime and nthPrime

   class IsPrimeAndNthPrimeExamples {
   
     //////////////////////////////////////////
     /// isPrime
     //////////////////////////////////////////
   
     // Returns true if n is a prime number, and false otherwise.
     // Do not worry about efficiency (yet).  We'll make this faster soon...
     public static boolean isPrime(int n) {
       int counter;
       if (n < 2) return false;
       for (counter=2; counter<n; counter++) {
         if (n % counter == 0)
           return false;
       }
       return true;
   
     }
   
     public static void testIsPrime() {
       System.out.print("Testing isPrime()... ");
       assert(isPrime(2));
       assert(isPrime(3));
       assert(!isPrime(4));
       assert(isPrime(5));
       assert(!isPrime(6));
       assert(isPrime(8179));
       assert(!isPrime(8211));
       assert(!isPrime(-3));
       assert(!isPrime(0));
       assert(!isPrime(1));
       System.out.println("Passed all tests!");
     }
   
     //////////////////////////////////////////
     /// nthPrime
     //////////////////////////////////////////
   
     // Returns the nth prime number, or -1 if n is non-positive.
     // Do not worry about efficiency (yet).  We'll make this faster soon...
     public static int nthPrime(int n) {
       int counter = 1;
       int numberOfPrimes = 0;
       if (n < 1) return -1;
       while (numberOfPrimes < n) {
         counter++;
         if (isPrime(counter))
           numberOfPrimes++;
       }
       return counter;
     }
   
     public static void testNthPrime() {
       System.out.print("Testing nthPrime()... ");
       assert(nthPrime(1) == 2);
       assert(nthPrime(2) == 3);
       assert(nthPrime(3) == 5);
       assert(nthPrime(4) == 7);
       assert(nthPrime(5) == 11);
       assert(nthPrime(6) == 13);
       assert(nthPrime(-5) == -1);
       assert(nthPrime(0) == -1);
       System.out.println("Passed all tests!");
     }
   
     //////////////////////////////////////////
     /// main
     //////////////////////////////////////////
   
     public static void main(String[] args) {
       testIsPrime();
       testNthPrime();
     }
   }

6. Nested Loops

   class MyCode {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
       int x, y;
       for (x=1; x<=4; x++) {
           for (y=1; y<=4; y++)
               System.out.print("(x=" + x + ",y=" + y + ") ");
           System.out.println();
       }
     }
   }

   Output:

   (x=1,y=1) (x=1,y=2) (x=1,y=3) (x=1,y=4) 
   (x=2,y=1) (x=2,y=2) (x=2,y=3) (x=2,y=4) 
   (x=3,y=1) (x=3,y=2) (x=3,y=3) (x=3,y=4) 
   (x=4,y=1) (x=4,y=2) (x=4,y=3) (x=4,y=4) 

7. Nested Loops in Graphics

   import java.awt.*;
   import javax.swing.*;
   
   class MyGraphics extends JComponent {
   
     public void paint(Graphics page) {
       int rows=5, cols=7;
       int row, col;
       for (row=0; row<rows; row++)
         for (col=0; col<cols; col++)
           paintCell(page, row, col, rows, cols);
     }
   
     // Helper method to paint a single cell in the 2d grid
     public void paintCell(Graphics page, int row, int col, int rows, int cols) {
       int width = getWidth();
       int height = getHeight();
       int left = col * width  / cols;
       int top  = row * height / rows; 
       int right  = (col+1) * width  / cols;
       int bottom = (row+1) * height / rows;
   
       // paint the grid's outline
       page.setColor(Color.black);
       page.drawRect(left, top, right-left, bottom-top);
   
       // fill the cell
       page.setColor(Color.blue);
       page.fillOval(left, top, right-left, bottom-top);
   
       // label the cell
       page.setColor(Color.black);
       page.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 14));
       String label = row + "," + col;
       drawCenteredString(page, label, left, top, right-left, bottom-top);
     }
   
     // As with any "gray code", you should know how to USE this code but
     // you do not have to know how to WRITE it (that is, you may copy+paste
     // it into your code as needed).
     public void drawCenteredString(Graphics page, String s,
                                    int left, int top, int width, int height) {
       // Center text within the given rectangular bounds
       FontMetrics fm = page.getFontMetrics(page.getFont());
       int textX = left + (width - fm.stringWidth(s))/2;
       int textY = top + (height - fm.getHeight())/2 + fm.getAscent();
       page.drawString(s, textX, textY);
     }
     
     //////////////////////////////////////////////
     ///           END OF YOUR CODE             ///
     ///  (you may ignore all the code below!!! ///
     //////////////////////////////////////////////
   
     public Dimension getPreferredSize() {
       int initialWidth = 500;
       int initialHeight = 400;
       return new Dimension(initialWidth, initialHeight);
     }
   
     public static void main(String[] args) {
       JComponent jc = newInstance();
       JFrame frame = new JFrame(jc.getClass().getName());
       frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
       JPanel cp = new JPanel();
       cp.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
       cp.add(jc);
       frame.setContentPane(cp);
       frame.pack();
       frame.setVisible(true);
     }
   
     // Returns an instance of this class as a JComponent.  This is necessary so
     // students can rename this class without changing the "main" method's body.
     public static JComponent newInstance() {
       StackTraceElement[] trace = null;
       try { throw new RuntimeException(); }
       catch (Exception e) { trace = e.getStackTrace(); }
       try { return (JComponent)Class.forName(trace[0].getClassName()).newInstance(); }
       catch (Exception e) { return null; }
     }
   }

   Output:

carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem   -   carpe diem